The crystalline state. Symmetry elements. Lattices. Point groups. Space Groups. The reciprocal lattice. Binding forces and cohesive energy in crystals. Basic types of crystal structures. X-rays: Production, absorption, monochromatization. Scattering by electrons and atoms. Diffraction by crystals. Principles of crystal structure determination.

Additional suggested literature

• S. M. Allen, E. L. Thomas. The Structure of Materials. Wiley (1998).
• M. M. Woolfson. An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography (2nd ed.) Cambridge (1997).
• L. V. Azaroff. Elements of X-ray Crystallography. McGraw-Hill (1968).