– Module 1 (3 hours): Nature of radiation, various forms of radiation, mathematical description of radiation.
– Module 2 (3): Quantum theory of matter–radiation interaction: Absorption, emission, particle properties of photons.
– Module 3 (3): Quantum theory of matter–radiation interaction: Elementary theory of interaction of a quantum system and electromagnetic radiation.
– Module 4 (3): Quantum theory of matter–radiation interaction: Lifetime of excited states and energy broadening.
– Module 5 (3): Statistical properties of photons and sources: the concept of elementary cell, temporal and spatial coherence, elementary beam.
– Module 6 (3 hours): Statistical properties of photons and sources: fluctuation phenomena, measurements in multiple phase cells, monochromaticity and coherence.
– Module 7 (3): Lasers: optical resonance cavities, spatial modes of open resonator, optical cavity stability.
– Module 8 (3): Lasers: Frequency spectrum of optical cavities, population inversion, laser modes, gain factor and output power.
– Module 9 (3): Lasers: Three-level and four-level lasers.
– Module 10 (3 hours): Types of Lasers: Introduction and overview, gas lasers.
– Module 11 (3): Types of Lasers: Liquid lasers, chemical lasers, solid-state lasers.
– Module 12 (3 hours): Types of Lasers: Semiconductor lasers.
-Module 13 (3): Types of Lasers: Free-electron lasers, X-ray lasers (Röntgen lasers).