• Circuit Elements (independent sources, resistors, capacitors, coils). Resistors (fixed, variable, color code). Ohm’s Law. Kirchhoff’s Laws. Raster (series connection, parallel connection). Measuring instruments (multimeters). DC power supply. Voltage divider, voltage divider under load (Theory & Experiment).
• Direct Current (DC) Circuits (EMF). Resistors connected in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws. Current divider.
• Bridge Circuits, bridge balance. Wheatstone Bridge. D-Y Transformations. EXPERIMENT: Voltage and current measurements in a bridge circuit.
• Circuit solving methods. Node & loop methods. Solved exercises. Application to the Bridge circuit.
• Alternating Current. Instantaneous and effective value. Capacitors and coils in alternating current. Current – voltage phase difference in the coil and capacitor. Voltage diagrams. Frequency generators.
• Calculation of inductor and capacitor loss resistance using voltage diagrams in RL circuits & RC.
• Alternating current – Phasors. Complex resistances and conductivities. AC circuits in the frequency domain. Circuit with DC & AC sources – Superposition theorem.
• The oscilloscope as a measuring instrument, the role of grounds. Comparison with Electronic multimeters. Experimental confirmation of the Superposition theorem.
• Thévenin & Norton theorems. Calculation of Thévenin equivalent voltage, Norton equivalent current and equivalent resistance. Exemplary solution of exercises. EXPERIMENT: Calculation of equivalent circuits in DC & AC.
• Average, Reactive, Apparent & Complex Power. Power triangle. Exemplary solution of exercises. Power factor improvement. Maximum power transfer. EXPERIMENT: Confirmation of the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
• Time response of networks. RC circuits. Charging and discharging of a capacitor. Solving exercises and applications. EXPERIMENT: Charging and discharging of a capacitor through different resistors. Experimental calculation of time constant.
• Resonance of electrical circuits. Series resonance & parallel resonance. Exemplary solution of exercises. EXPERIMENT: Study of resonance of electrical circuits. Curves of current, voltage and phase change with respect to frequency.
• Frequency Transfer Function. Diagrams. Simple low-pass filters. Simple high-pass filters EXPERIMENT: Study of simple low-pass & high-pass filters.